A.LEARNING
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Learning is acquiring new, or modifying
existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing
different types of information. The ability to learn
is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curves. Learning is not compulsory; it is
contextual. It does not happen all at once, but builds upon and is shaped by
what we already know. To that end, learning may be viewed as a process, rather
than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge. Learning is based on
experience. Learning produces changes in the organism and the changes produced
are relatively permanent.
Human learning may occur as part of education, personal development, schooling, or training. It may be goal-oriented and may be aided by motivation. The study of how learning occurs is part
of neuropsychology, educational psychology, learning theory, and pedagogy. Learning may occur as a result of habituation or classical conditioning, seen in many animal
species, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent
animals.Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness.
Learning that an aversive event can't be avoided nor escaped is called learned
helplessness.There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, in which habituation has been observed as
early as 32 weeks into gestation, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently
developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early on in development.
Play has been approached by several
theorists as the first form of learning. Children experiment with the world,
learn the rules, and learn to interact through play. Lev Vygotsky agrees that play is pivotal for
children's development, since they make meaning of their environment through
play. The context of conversation based on moral reasoning offers some proper
observations on the responsibilities of parents.
B.TEACHING
A teaching method comprises the principles and methods
used for instruction. Commonly used teaching methods may include
class participation, demonstration, recitation, memorization, or combinations
of these. The choice of teaching method or methods to be used depends largely
on the information or skill that is being taught, and it may also be influenced
by the aptitude and enthusiasm of the students.
Explaining
Explaining, or lecturing, is the process
of teaching by giving spoken explanations of the subject that is to be learned.
Lecturing is often accompanied by visual aids to help students visualize an
object or problem.
Demonstrating
Demonstrating is the process of teaching
through examples or experiments. For example, a science teacher may teach an
idea by performing an experiment for students. A demonstration may be used to
prove a fact through a combination of visual evidence and associated reasoning.
Demonstrations are similar to written
storytelling and examples in that they allow students to personally relate to
the presented information. Memorization of a list of facts is a detached and
impersonal experience, whereas the same information, conveyed through
demonstration, becomes personally relatable. Demonstrations help to raise
student interest and reinforce memory retention because they provide
connections between facts and real-world applications of those facts. Lectures,
on the other hand, are often geared more towards factual presentation than
connective learning.
Collaborating
Collaboration allows students to actively
participate in the learning process by talking with each other and listening to
other points of view. Collaboration establishes a personal connection between
students and the topic of study and it helps students think in a less
personally biased way. Group projects and discussions are examples of this
teaching method. Teachers may employ collaboration to assess student's
abilities to work as a team, leadership skills, or presentation abilities.
Collaborative discussions can take a
variety of forms, such as fishbowl discussions. After some preparation and with clearly defined roles,
a discussion may constitute most of a lesson, with the teacher only giving
short feedback at the end or in the following lesson.
Learning
by teaching
In this teaching method, students assume
the role of teacher and teach their peers. Students who teach others as a group
or as individuals must study and understand a topic well enough to teach it to
their peers. By having students participate in the teaching process, they gain
self-confidence and strengthen their speaking and communication skills.
